Human-Animal Relationships :: Essays Papers

Human-Animal Relationships Animals can be perceived in many various ways. While some humans consider animals to be mindless machines programmed with instinct, others view them as spiritual creatures capable of coherent thought and emotions. I feel that animals atomic number 18 somewhere in the middle. Although they rely heavily on instinct, the ability to feel emotions shows that their mental capacity is not far from that of a human. Since animals, especially dogs, sh ar confusable emotions as people they to make great companions. Animals do show us how to love better, because their emotions are more pure than a humans. According to Mary Lou Randour, in What Animals Can Teach Us About Spirituality, animals are spiritual companions to humans. She tells the story of a boy who, after murdering someone, receives a dog to care for as a form of therapy. The dog comforts him, and the teenager learns to love the animal over time. The boys pet is healing his soul by teaching him how to love. Dogs give their know unconditional love, never questioning the humans orders or disciplines. I thought the story of the dog appearing in the powers backyard as her dead grandfather was rather outlandish. completely of Randours examples of how animals influence our feelings were viable aside from the disappearing ghost dog. Although their minds are not as advanced as a humans, animals are still capable of thought. Frans de Waal, author of The Whole Animal, feels that humans and animals are closely related, through anthropomorphism. I agree with anthropomorphism, but not with anthropodenial. I also disagree with Rene Descartes statement that animals are machines, because just as humans have different individual personalities, animals of the same species also have different behavioral characteristics. For example, some cats are arrogant and rude, succession others are kind and playful, just like people. Georgia, the chimpanzee who spit water o n unsuspecting visitors, did not do this out of instinct. Instinct would have told her to bear the water.

College Athletes Should be Paid Essay example -- argumentative essay

A running back slips through the line, breaks a equalize tackles, and scampers down the sideline for a large gain. The point guard pulls up for a deep jump crack cocaine over his defender and nails it as the shot clock expires. Both of these descriptions can be used to describe either a college athlete or professional athlete. Both atomic number 18 participating in a sporting event in which fans leave alone pack into the stadium or arena. Money is flowing into both the college and professional organization. This is where the similarities end. In the professional leagues such as the NBA or NFL, athletes bear millions of dollars off of lucrative contracts and an abundance of endorsements. They can make as much money as they possibly can. In college, the athletes are limited to what kind of scholarship the college they are attending provides them and whatever money they have saved.It may not appear like this is not a estimable problem. However, there is the one glaring difference between these two sides. While professional athletes are paid to play and can make bundles of money, college athletes are not allowed to receive money or other benefits of any kind even if they acquire this money in a legal and correct fashion. This has been the rule for ages, that many people are starting to challenge the rule. There are people who believe that college athletes should not be able to receive benefits of any kind, including money. On the other side, there are people who believe that the college athletes should be able to make money and support themselves. The people who are the side which believes the should not make money usually point out the fact that they are in college and should be more focused on their studies. The other side provides many effectual points to h... ...rmine how much to pay each player in different sports. However, it seems completely unfair that a college athlete can neither accept gifts from someone or even sell their own possessions to make money. If a regular student can sell something they own on a website such as Ebay, why is that an athlete is not allowed to do the same with something they own? It also seems crazy to me how something as simple as Dez Bryant a former wide receiver at okay State...having a meal with Deion Sanders (Rogers 2) will cause the NCAA to throw down harsh suspensions down on the athlete and school. The NCAA needs to worry about more of the essence(predicate) things then who the student-athletes dine with and whether or not they are selling apparel they wore in a game. Hopefully they will realize this and the student athletes in college will finally get a fair chance at the money they deserve.

The Cherry Orchard - The Struggle :: Anton Chekhov Cherry Orchard Essays

The red-faced orchard - The Struggle Anton Chekhovs impart The Cherry woodlet introduces readers to a pre-Revolution Russian family faced with the impending sale of their demesne, the Cherry Orchard. The main character in the play is the owner of the Cherry Orchard, Lyubov Andreyevna. It is in the play that Lyubov must ultimately decide whether to allow her Cherry Orchard to be cut down to make room for villas or to exchange the entire estate to pay off her debts. It is her unconditional love for both the Cherry Orchard and what it symbolizes to her that allows her to put down the estate up for sale rather than have the Cherry Orchard cut down. Although she is a member of the Russian upper class, Lyubov is hopelessly out of touch with reality and very irresponsible when in comes to finances. She often throws money approximately as though thither are no consequences to her actions. After her husband died and her boy was tragically drowned at the Cherry Orchard, she fled to Paris and bought a villa, which she soon had to sell to pay off her debts. Lyubov dines lavishly and tips handsomely when in all actuality she hasnt a dime to spare. She throws parties and hires orchestras she knows she can not pay for. It is this type of behavior that put Lyubov deep enough into debt to where her beloved estate has been put at risk. To Lyubov the Cherry Orchard means so much more than the acres and acres of beautiful cherry trees and rivers so much more than the piece of land that was featured in the encyclopedia. To her it represents her sense of nostalgia, a longing for the past. It is the place where her grandparents lived. Her mother and father lived there as well. It reminds Lyubov of her youth. When she looks at the cherry trees she does not just see branches and blossoms, she sees a time when she walked through the orchard with her mother as a young girl. She says I used to sleep here when I was littleand here I am like a child again. Lyubovs innocenc e also remain a part of the Cherry Orchard, for as a child she did not own serfs or squander her familys money. Even though the Cherry Orchard invokes thoughts of her lost husband and son, she still treasures it.

Anger Management and Health Essay -- Health Anger Emotions Essays

Anger Management and HealthEverybody feels exasperation from time to time. People consent been documentedfeeling arouse since biblical times when God was considered angry. Babies evenexhibit signs that are interpreted as irritability, such as crying or screaming. Angeris not in any counsel unique to people. Animals also have the ability to feel andexpress anger.In our personal lives we get angry over at least one subject on almost adaily basis, whether it be on the job, with a spouse or loved one, or perhapswith a figure of authority. numerous psychologists have written about anger,discussing the relationship between anger and fear. Each of the individualsthat comprise humanity possesses at least one phobia, in the same counsel that eachis capable of possessing anger. The negativity that is associated with phobiasoften spills over into our feelings about anger. We begin to think negativelyabout anger since we associate it with fear.Plato was the first to suggest that anger w as a disbalance. According toDr. Willard Gaylin, a prominent psychologist, anger is still seen as adisbalance by many of todays psychologists. Since Plato, anger has suffered abad reputation. We only have to imagine a domestic abuse scene to immediatelycondemn anger in all of its manifestations.There is a reason why anger is viewed in a negative light. Nobody likes itwhen someone is angry with them. We tend to avoid the wrath of those around us.This is one reason we see anger as negative. Another reason may lie closer toPlatos concept of imbalance. The negative perception of anger is evident inthe American Heritage Dictionarys definitions of the word anger (1) 1. Afeeling of extreme displeasure, hostility, indignation, or someone or somethingrage wrath ire. 2. (Obsolete) Trouble pain affliction.To say, Im getting angry, is to invoke fear in another, usually, that fearoriginates from a perception that the utterer of the phrase is about to takesome sort of dramatic action. Dr. Gaylin speaks for these emotions, rage is aresponse to a perceived assault that effects the body in interesting ways.Skeletal muscles are tensed the autonomic system moves to increase the supplyof adrenaline and redistribute the pipeline flow of the body certain muscles arecontracted and opposing ones relaxed. (2)Apparently, anger is viewed negatively for a reas... ...s easy. But to be angry at the estimable person, tothe right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not so easy. (4)Chronic anger does lead to health problems. Not everyone suffers fromanger, but for those that do, it means a multitude of emotional relatedillnesses. Anger is often accompanied by an imbalance of hormones, as Platorecognized, and no imbalance is healthy in the hanker run. With consciousness andrelaxation, people may be able to achieve dominance over anger, rather thanallowing it to have dominance over them.Works Cited1 American Heritage Dictionary Houghton Mifflin C ompany, Boston, MA 19852 Gaylin, Willard, M.D. The Anger Within Anger in Modern Life. Simon andSchuster, New York, NY 19843 Internet Research Coping with Anger, 19964 McKay, Rogers When Anger Hurts Quieting the Storm Within. New Harbinger,Oakland, CA 19895 Bernstein and Rozen Dinosaur Brains Dealing with all Those ImpossiblePeople at Work. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY 19896 Weisinger, Hendrie, M.D. Anger at Work Learning the Art of Anger Managementon the Job. William Morrow and Comapny, New York, NY 1995

Causes Of The Great Depression Essay -- American History

Between the late 1890s, after the panic of 1893, and the late 1920s, the American wad led good lives in which most prospered. In the 1920s the problems that led to the Great mental picture were dispersed over a time of maldistri stillion of wealth, and what was called a bull market. A bull market is a product line market that is based on speculation. Speculation was a system of borrowing money to buy stocks and selling for a profit. Speculation only worked if the stock market was on the rise though. To this day people who have not been properly educated about the Great Depression believe that electric chair make clean was the cause. The idea that President Herbert Hoover caused the Depression could have arisen from the fact that he was the President at the time the Depression began. However, the people who do not believe that President Hoover was the cause deem the crash of the stock market in 1929 as the real culprit. The truth behind the stock market crash is that it was the event that caused the already unst fit economy to go over the limit.If the president and the stock market crash did not cause the Great Depression, then what did? According to research through on the Great Depression, the causes rest on of different factors, but can be put under two main categories. The responsibility for the Great Depression falls not only on the Stock Market Crash, but also on the maldistribution of wealth, an unstable economy and the wild stock market practices of the 1920s.The largest discernment for the growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the sudden increase in manufacturing during the 1920s. The people of the working class were significantly increasing their output, but their wages only change magnitude slightly. For example, the average worker out put from 1923-1929 increased about 32%, but the average income of the worker only increased about 8% (Gusmorino, Main Causes of the Great Depression). Therefore one may conclude that wage s only increased one-fourth the amount production increased. another(prenominal) amazing feat of the manufacturing increase was that prices for goods stayed the same, therefore the executives in the companies were keeping the mass amounts of profit that were now coming into the company. In fact, one can see that peak executives in a certain company increased significantly because their salaries from 1923-1929 rose 64% (Gusmorino, Main Cau... ...cantly, and investors began selling quickly. On the following Tuesday and Wednesday the prices began to stabilize. Then on Thursday, October 24, stock prices fell hard and even the biggest investors gave up on the market and sold their stocks. On the following Tuesday the stock market fell and the market was not able to get back up. This day is forever known as Black Tuesday, and the official start of the Great Depression.The speculation and the resulting stock market crash acted as the trigger for the already unstable get together States economy. Due to the maldistribution of wealth and the unstable economy of the 1920s, the nation headed into a decade of trouble. In response to its economic difficulties, the United States set up even higher trade barriers with other nations, causing more trouble within the nation. Many of the working class lost their jobs, and since these people did not have savings, they were in big trouble. Unemployment grew to 13 million by 1932 as the country quickly spiraled into a catastrophe. The Great Depression had begun due to the maldistribution of wealth, a bad economy based on over confidence, and the irresponsible erratic of the bull stock market.

Causes Of The Great Depression Essay -- American History

Between the late 1890s, after the panic of 1893, and the late 1920s, the American population guide good lives in which most prospered. In the 1920s the problems that led to the bulky low gear were dispersed over a time of maldistribution of wealth, and what was called a bull market. A bull market is a carry market that is based on speculation. Speculation was a system of borrowing money to buy stocks and selling for a profit. Speculation scarcely worked if the stock market was on the rise though. To this day pot who have not been properly educated about the Great Depression believe that President Hoover was the construct. The idea that President Herbert Hoover caused the Depression could have arisen from the fact that he was the President at the time the Depression began. However, the people who do not believe that President Hoover was the cause deem the crash of the stock market in 1929 as the real culprit. The truth foundation the stock market crash is that it was the eve nt that caused the already perilous economy to go over the limit.If the president and the stock market crash did not cause the Great Depression, then what did? According to research done on the Great Depression, the causes rest on of different factors, but can be put below two main categories. The responsibility for the Great Depression falls not only on the Stock Market Crash, but also on the maldistribution of wealth, an unstable economy and the wild stock market practices of the 1920s.The largest reason for the growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the sudden increase in manufacturing during the 1920s. The people of the working class were significantly increasing their output, but their wages only increased slightly. For example, the average worker out put from 1923-1929 increased about 32%, but the average income of the worker only increased about 8% (Gusmorino, Main Causes of the Great Depression). Therefore one may conclude that wages only increased o ne-fourth the amount production increased. Another amazing feat of the manufacturing increase was that prices for goods stayed the same, therefore the executives in the companies were keeping the mass amounts of profit that were now approach into the company. In fact, one can see that top executives in a certain company increased significantly because their salaries from 1923-1929 rose 64% (Gusmorino, Main Cau... ...cantly, and investors began selling rapidly. On the following Tuesday and Wednesday the prices began to stabilize. Then on Thursday, October 24, stock prices fell hard and even the biggest investors gave up on the market and sold their stocks. On the following Tuesday the stock market fell and the market was not able to get back up. This day is forever known as Black Tuesday, and the official start of the Great Depression.The speculation and the resulting stock market crash acted as the trigger for the already unstable United States economy. Due to the maldistribution of wealth and the unstable economy of the 1920s, the nation headed into a decade of trouble. In response to its economic difficulties, the United States set up even higher trade barriers with other nations, causing more trouble in spite of appearance the nation. Many of the working class lost their jobs, and since these people did not have savings, they were in big trouble. Unemployment grew to 13 million by 1932 as the country quickly spiraled into a catastrophe. The Great Depression had begun due to the maldistribution of wealth, a bad economy based on over confidence, and the irresponsible erratic of the bull stock market.

Tesco: Assessing the change implications of Tesco’s Rapid International Business process.

Executive synopsisChange is inevitable in any organization that aspires to grow. As an organization, Tesco has diversify its operations and extended into brisk markets in various countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as chinaware, Japan among opposites. However, its badst market base is still in the United Kingdom. This paper discusses the implications that the go withs rapid internationalization has had on its operations.Penetration into new and undisc everyplaceed markets which seem unattractive to many retailers and selling for low prices is the primordial strategy active by this organization in its expansion shape. They are able to charge these low prices due to the numerous benefits of economies of scale they enjoy due to mass yield and sale. This strategy however, does non lack chall(a)enges just like any other strategy employed by other organizations. For instance, the competitors in the new markets trick withal reduce their prices thitherby limiting the market to new entrants such as Tesco. This is peculiarly so in large emerging markets such as China and Japan.This paper besides addresses the adopt for switch over and factors that have contributed to change at Tesco. thither are a number of reasons why change is important. For instance, in come in to curb it remains competitive, close to aspects of the organization have to change. The factors which drive change in this organization include political factors, social factors, technological factors, stinting factors and level its objectives as an organization. The change process in this organization receives support from all the levels of the organization and the goals and vision are clearly communicated to the members. This is evidenced by its exemplary performance. condescension the numerous challenges faced in the change process, it has remained afloat and the benefits of the change are evident through its continued expansion. This paper exhaustively explores the change process at Tesco, analyzes the situation and makes suggestions that the go with can use in implementation of the change.IntroductionTesco is a general merchandising retail chain and an international grocery store. Founded in 1919, it has grown over the years and is littlely operating in over 12 countries globally with a total of 530,000 employees. In 2012, it had ?3.03 billion in pay and ?59.4 billion in turnover. Most of its gross (65%) comes from the United Kingdom. However, other places such as Asia, United States and Europe in any case are responsible for a large portion of its revenue (Tesco, 2012). It operates under different brand names, which include Superstore, Express Extra and Metro. It sells about 40,000 food items in its superstores, c sethes and other nonfood items. It also owns gasolene stations and offers personal finance services such as life insurance. Its expansion has placed it at a top position globally and currently is ranked as the largest retailer in Britain and a s the third largest retailer globally (Lowe et al., 2012). The own-label products of the company are grouped into three segments namely the value level, rule level and finest level products. Despite the extensive development of the retailing and nonfood services, Tesco has undertaken huge investments internationally in a bid to ensure its continued growth. To ensure capability in operations and costs in its international operations, it has incorporated IT solutions to facilitate business processes (Miozzo et al., 2012). This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Tescos rapid internationalization.Situation and Culture all organization has its own culture which either serves to identify its employees and customers or serves to ensure efficient running and cohesive relationships among the employees (Maitah, 2010). Tescos culture is distinctive through its numerous corporate social activities. These demonstrate its ideologies and values such as honesty, responsibility and fairness. T his sense of social responsibility drove the organization into stating up supermarkets in areas where other supermarkets would not go into due to their native nature.At Tesco, there are string bonds among the staff and customers. This has been quite instrumental in contributing to wards employee job delight and offering services that are satisfactory to customers. These relationships have ensured efficient operations within the organization due to the social groups formed (Tesco PLC, 2014). There are dole out values upheld by the staff thereby ensuring a reduction in conflicts among them. This also encourages loyalty of the staff to the organization thereby ensuring its good performance is sustained. eventually it helps them get a better understanding of the customers needs (Tesco PLC, 2014). Tesco has a flexible fiddle environment, which ensures an growing in employee participation in various roles and decisions and also enhances their adaptability to thinkable changes withi n the organization. An inflexible work environment would in most cases trail to resistance from the employees, thereby limiting their productivity and innovation. In the long run, it leave alone furbish up the performance of the organization (Tseng, 2011). The management practice undertaken by the organization tends to be in line with theory Y assumptions. In this theory, the management believes that the employees view their work as normal and allow aim at obtaining additional responsibilities in their places of work (Russ, 2011). Given the right conditions, these managers believe that workers will be self-driven and work efficiently. Therefore, there will be joint decision making in regards to setting of objectives and development of strategies required to achieve these goals. Also these managers will delegate most duties and entrust forward team work (Lowe et al., 2012). Even though the managers at Tesco have incorporated some of these propositions in the daily management of the organizations activities, it may not entirely lead to efficiency. This is because of the extensive number of the subordinates one manger supervises making it difficult to use the approach (Benfari, 2013). Also, tasks allocated to the subordinates do not need specialized skills hence continued charge by the managers is required in coiffe for them to issue direction and ensure continuity in a bid to achieve the set goals of the firm (Inman et al., 2014 ).Drivers of change and the organizations stage in the change processThere is always need for change in any organization, which is unremarkably propelled by a variety of factors, which is also the case at Tesco. This section outlines the different factors that have contributed to the need for change at Tesco. It also addresses the stage of change in which the company currently is. unrivalled of these is the changing political environment. unexampled legislations come up every day and indeed it needs to conform to these stand ards in order to avoid any sub judice suits against them. Legal suits may affect its cash flows as a majority of people may claim compensation. Issues also such as political instability may affect the operations of the organization (Lowe et al., 2012). Economic factors are also responsible for the changes. Factors such as economic crisis and fall in demand for goods may affect the cash flows adversely as sales will slump. This therefore poses a need for diversification of its operations hence a presenting a need for change (Benn et al., 2014). As the company expands its operations, it manages this risk because when the risk is high in a certain market, there is another market with stable economic conditions (Polak et al., 2011). hearty factors also contribute to this. Customer loyalty is a key social factor needed to ensure growth and sustainability of any business (Mahatma et al., 2013). For instance, news that the plain burgers from Tesco had horsemeat adversely affected the im age of the organization and lowered the customer loyalty (The Guardian, 2013). This therefore drives for change as it has to ensure those who were affected are compensated and that corrective action is taken so no such occurrences are experienced in the future. Changes in the marketing strategies therefore are needed in order to restore the customer base (Anderson & Swaminathan, 2011).It can also be argued that technological factors are responsible for these changes (Hitt & Tambe, 2012). Due to Tescos extensive operations all over the world, it needs to adopt new technological advancements in order to ensure efficiency in its operations such as production and marketing. Issues such as social media marketing through twitter and Facebook should be considered in order to ensure they meet their target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online shopping channels should also be enhanced further (Plunkett, 2009).At present, Tesco has undertaken numerous steps towards the change process. It has diversified its operations in order to prevent losses due to economic factors in one area. For instance it produces products such as petroleum and food products, both of which have inelastic demand (Tesco PLC, 2014). It complies with both the legal and ethical requirements especially in regards to food products and also compensates affected individuals in order to avoid law suits which could harm its operations. Also, the organization has undertaken numerous technological advancements in its operations in order to ensure its operations are well managed and that their customers are served efficiently (de Kervenoael et al., 2011).With reference to the j-curve model, there are stages which an organization goes through in the change process (Grabenwarter & Weidig, 2005). These include Plateau At this level there are minimal disruptions in the organization. Cliff This stage is characterized by a lot of anxiety and uncertainties meet the new process. Valley At this point, producti on is low and there are a lot of frustrations in the work place. It is the most critical part as it determines whether the change will be taken to completion. Ascent Stage At this stage, the benefits from the development are reaped. There are no challenges at this point and the exceptional challenges faced can be easily resolved. Mountaintop This is the final stage. Here, both productivity and performance have been improved. According to the j curve model, Tesco is at the ascent stage. This is because some of the benefits from the internationalization strategy are already being ripped by the company (Lowe et al., 2012). Whether there is a strategy for this planned change or is it a chemical reaction to a problem. For Tesco, the changes are both in form of a prior vision and as a response to changes in the issues in the market. Tesco has two key strategies which it employs in a bid to achieve its goals. These are How Tesco sells for less- Tescos goal is to sell large volumes of a wide range of products and services. In order to achieve this, they make use of the economies of scale benefits derived from producing and selling in bulk. This therefore implies that it can lower its prices hence sell its products globally at competitive prices (Tesco PLC, 2014). steerage wheel this is related to its primary areas of concern. These are operations, people, financial and customers. Of all the four areas of concern, the customers are the most important. Tesco therefore, has ensured that the relationship between them is cordial and built on a trust basis thereby securing their loyalty. It has ensured it provides quality products at very low prices and also that there is professionalism in service delivery to the customers (Bather & Tucker, 2011). The increase in tilt in Tescos major markets is the main problem that has also led it to implement the internationalization strategy. With companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour also struggling for the market share in the UK and other main markets, Tesco has had to consider expanding to other regions where there is less competition (Ryu & Simpson, 2011). Exploration of the problem to be communicate Whereas Tesco has victorfully established itself in the many countries and is generally performing well, there are several problems it faces that ought to be addressed. This will improve the companys performance and give it an edge over its main competitors in the market. These issues are discussed hereunder.Over dependence on the UK marketDespite its extensive expansion to other market areas globally, its profits still mostly depend on the UK market. About 73.8% and 65% of its profits in 2003 and 2009 respectively came from its UK market (Palmer, 2012). Even though this is not a problem in the short run, it may affect its operations in the long run if its competitors such as the Morrisons group expand their operations and market share (Benn et al., 2014). Debt outside(a) expansion is expensive hence requ ires heavy cash flows used for marketing and investment purposes. Therefore, Tesco requires huge cash flows and these are raised through borrowing (Randall & Seth, 2011). The refund of these debts has further been worsened by the economic downturn and has become expensive overtime. Its aggressive expansion activities reduce the cash available for financing other activities in the organization (Benn et al., 2014).AcquisitionsDue to its large size, and wide range of products, Tesco can easily take over other firms, especially in the United Kingdom. However, there is a risk posed by it turning into a serial acquirer since these actions will lower its quality, brand visibility and even earnings. This therefore should be addressed and a different expansion strategy considered (Johnson & Turner, 2010). Aggressive expansion into large markets such as China and Japan may lead to a stock in returns due to reasons such as the existing economic conditions in these markets, reactions by compe titors and reverse of the companys strategy (Benn et al., 2014). The key shammers and what each player may lose or win The key players here include Competitors- these are most likely to lose their market share due to an increase in Tescos market share. Some of its competitors include ASDA, Carrefour S.A, Safeway Inc. and the Royal Dutch (Palmer, 2012). Government- the governments in various countries where Tesco operates would most likely gain additional revenue from the taxes paid in by Tesco (Johnson & Turner, 2010). Customers- the consumers will benefit due to quality products at cheap prices since this is the main aim of Tesco. As the company seeks to gain a larger market share, it will be beneficial to clients (Anderson & Swaminathan, 2011). Articulation of the vision to the members or the organization As an organization, Tesco has a clear boot and vision. With a great workforce of 597, 784 employees (as of 2013) there are strategies that are put in place to ensure that every one is at par with the organizations mission and vision (Tesco PLC, 2014). The vision of Tesco is to be valued by the customers they serve, the communities in which they operate, colleagues and the shareholders. The organization seeks to transform lives through innovative products and inspire future generations. In all the 12 countries where Tesco operates, the company is valued and appreciated. The people are served in the best regard and they are loyal clients. This is a clear indication that the vision of the company has been render by the members of the organization (Taylor, 2014). The level of support within the organization at each level For the change process to be efficiently implemented in an organization, it is vital for all parties to be equally involved. This will reduce resistance and facilitate an easy transition from the state prior to the change to the state later (Kotter, 2007).Generally, there is extensive support from the various levels in the organization at Tesco. For instance, the top level management makes decisions in regards to the possible areas of expansion. There have been minimal or no reports of resistance to internationalization at Tesco (Taylor, 2014). This means that as the company implements these strategies, it takes all the necessary measures to ensure that all the parties that are likely to be affected are well informed of the need for the change and the process that will be undertaken in the change process (Benn et al., 2014). Other levels in the organization, including the warmness and lower levels, are also supportive of the changes (Taylor, 2014).Other key players to be consultedApart from the parties within the organization, it is also vital for the companys management to ensure that it consults other external stakeholders that are likely to be affected by the change (Kotter, 2007). There are different groups that need to be consulted. One of these groups comprises of the companys creditors. These are the fina ncers who facilitate the change process. Hence, their approval is needed because they need to certify that the expansion is profitable and that their funds will not be put in risky businesses (Bennett & Bush, 2013). Shareholders also have to be consulted. These are the owners of the business hence their interests must be factored in any decision making process. Their respond must be given before the expansion is undertaken. The governments of the home country and the target country into which the company intends to expand (Liguori, 2012). Before accounting entry into any new markets, there are legislations set which must be observed. Compliance with these laws is needed before they can set up their operations in any country.Recommendations for forming or not forming a coalitionIt would be optimal for Tesco to form further coalitions with other organizations. This is because it will benefit in a number of ways. For instance, there will be an acquisition of additional skills from th e company with which it is partnering. This also applies to other tangible and in tangible resources that might have cost the company a lot to acquire (Hogg et al., 2012). The potence market for Tesco will increase at a faster rate. By forming merger with companies that have already established themselves in the market, Tesco will automatically inherit the market share of the other companies. This is as opposed to a situation where the company could have entered the market on its own (Matsushima et al., 2013). other benefit is that there will be improved information access and sharing, especially information about the markets being targeted (Hogg et al., 2012). Whereas there are benefits that the company can get by entering coalitions with other companies in expanding its operations, there are also several l fakes that it can be exposed to as a firmness of this. For instance, there can be conflicts in terms of how profits are shared among the companies involved (Matsushima et al. , 2013). As a result of varying organizational cultures and structures, entering coalitions can also limit employee productivity as employees as there will be a conflict in the way they operate. This challenge is usually mostly felt in the early stages of the coalition (Benn et al., 2014). Recommendations on useful tools for managing change at the organization Generally, it is difficult for any organization and its employees to adjust to change. It is therefore recommended that an organization uses a model as this will give the leaders a guideline on how to effect this change and make it acceptable (Boje et al., 2012). There are several models that have been suggested by researchers to help in change management. One of these is Kotters eight-step model, which is summarized in detail in the table below (Kotter, 2007).By following the steps that have been suggested by Kotter above, there is a high likelihood of succeeding in the change process. However, critics have faulted the model for being mechanistic and assuming that all organization can chronologically follow these steps. It fails to acknowledge that organizations differ (Liguori, 2012).Additional adviceIt is important to see to it that there is e continued success in operations of the organization. Presently, Tesco has greatly diversified its operations. Though it can be seen as a good strategy for business in terms of airing risk, it can lease to focus and specialize in a few of them. The expansion of the nonfood operations offers a greater potential than the others and hence it can choose to concentrate in this area due to the extensive demand for these products. This however, can be adversely affected by the economic environment. Therefore, an extensive assessment of potential risk factors should be made before investments in this unit are undertaken. Of importance is to note that sales here are generated by the consumer confidence levels and ratings. At present, these are quite low. There is also a n increase in the demand for organic and natural product in the United Kingdom. Tesco therefore should take advantage of this opportunity to conform to these lifestyle changes and develop products in order to tap into these new markets. This would be more efficient if Tesco could lower the costs of production in order to ensure that the product prices are not so high and hence are available to the consumers. In conclusion, Tesco can penetrate into new markets such as the United States through its current penetration strategy into undiscovered markets as this has been effective in the past and still is. This is because the current retailers are not willing to delve into these markets. This would also require an extensive risk assessment especially in regards to transportation and supply as this would affect the cash flows .hence, it would be effective to use a clustered approach in development of stores instead of placing them indiscriminately. If it can penetrate the fresh foods mar ket in the United states consequently they will continue to be successful as the demand for food is relatively inelastic and will not be adversely affected in case of economic downturns.ReferencesAnderson, R.E. & Swaminathan, S., 2011. Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in E-Markets A PLS Path Modeling Approach. The daybook of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), pp.221 234.Bather, A. & Tucker, R., 2011. Legitimacy Theory and a Compliance Analysis of Tescos 2008 personal line of credit Review. International Review of commerce Research, 7(2), pp.137-56.Benfari, R.C., 2013. Understanding and Changing Your Management Style Assessments and Tools for Self-development. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons.Benn, S., Dunphy, D. & Griffiths, A., 2014. organizational change for corporate sustainability. Londin Routledge.Bennett, J.L. & Bush, ?.W., 2013. Coaching for Change. New Jersey Routledge.Boje, D., Burnes, B?. & Hassard, ?J., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organizational Change. New Yor k Routledge.de Kervenoael, R., Canning, C., Palmer, M. & Hallsworth, A., 2011. Challenging market conventions Supermarket diversification and consumer resistance in childrens apparel purchases. Journal of fashion marketing and management, 15(4), pp.464-85.Grabenwarter, U. & Weidig, T?., 2005. Exposed to the J-Curve Understanding and Managing Private Equity Fund Investments. London Euromoney Books.Hitt, L.M. & Tambe, P., 2012. The Productivity of Information Technology Investments New Evidence from IT Labor Data. Information Systems Research, 4(1), pp.234-57.Hogg, M.A., Van Knippenberg, D. & Rast, D.E., 2012. Intergroup leadership in organizations Leading across group and organizational boundaries. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), pp.232-55.Inman, M., OSullivan, ?N. & Murton, A?., 2014. Unlocking human race Resource Management. New Jersey Routledge.Johnson, D. & Turner, ?C., 2010. International Business Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. New Jersey Routledge.Kotter, J.P., 2007. Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review, pp.1-10.Liguori, M., 2012. The supremacy of the sequence key elements and dimensions in the process of change. Organization Studies, 33(4), pp.507-39.Lowe, M., George, G. & Alexy, O., 2012. Organizational identity and capability development in internationalization transference, splicing and enhanced imitation in Tescos US market entry. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(5), pp.1021-54.Mahatma, I.G., Bakti, Y. & Sumaedi, S., 2013. An analysis of library customer loyalty The role of service quality and customer satisfaction, a case study in Indonesia. Library Management, 34(6/7), pp.397-414.Maitah, M., 2010. How Culture Affects your Business. Online Available at http//www.maitah.com/wp-content/How%20culture%20affects%20your%20business.pdf Accessed 17 May 2014.Matsushima, N., Sato, Y. & Yamamoto, K., 2013. Horizontal Mergers, Firm Heterogeneity, and R&D Investments. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 13(2), pp.959-90.Miozzo, M., Yamin, M. & Ghauri, P.N., 2012. Strategy and structure of service multinationals and their impact on linkages with local firms. The Service Industries Journa, 32(7), pp.1171-91.Palmer, A., 2012. Introduction to Marketing Theory and Practice. Oxford Oxford University Press.Plunkett, J.W., 2009. Plunketts E-Commerce and Internet Business Almanac 2009. Texas Plunkett Research.Polak, P., Robertson, D.C. & Lind, M., 2011. The New Role of the Corporate Treasurer Emerging Trends in Response to the Financial Crisis. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, (78).Randall, G. & Seth, A?., 2011. The Grocers The acquire and Rise of Supermarket Chains. New York Kogan Page.Russ, T.L., 2011. Theory X/Y assumptions as predictors of managers propensity for participative decision making. Management Decision, 49(5), pp.823-36.Ryu, J.S. & Simpson, J.J., 2011. Retail internationalization Lessons from Big Three global retailers failure cases. Journal of Business & Retail Management Research, 6(1).Taylor, M., 2014. The Success of Tescos International Expansion. Munich GRIN Verlag.Tesco PLC, 2014. About Us. Online Available at http//www.tescoplc.com/ Accessed 11 5l 2014.Tesco, 2012. Annual Review and summary Financial Statement 2012. London Tesco PLC.The Guardian, 2013. How the horsemeat scandal unfolded timeline. The Guardian, 15 February.Tseng, S.-M., 2011. The effects of hierarchical culture on knowledge management processes. Management Research Review, 34(5), pp.595-608.Tuten, T.L. & Solomon, M.R., 2012. hearty Media Marketing. New York Prentice

Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay

Human immunodeficiency computer computer computer virus human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus from retrovirus house tone down that causes a human immunodeficiency virus Infections in worlds which alters the immune system in a really execrable expressive style. HIV causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) at the last phase of the infection. The virus attacks immune system which makes stack much weaker in contending against infections and assorted awesome diseases1. The chief focal point of this virus on human cells is to destruct the CD4 supportive T Cells of the organic structure s immune system. Destruction of CD4 positive T cells makes it worse for the immune system to contend against the infections, which allows life-threatening timeserving infections and more wellness jobs which may take to decease. Human immune system consists of of implication cells which ar creation destroyed by HIV. This leads to moo CD4 count which in bend makes the human organic st ructure weak in contending against the infections2.HIV is plant in the blood, chest milk, seeds and vaginal fluids of an septic individual. The virus is transmitted from one individual to another through blood to blood and sexual contact. HIV infected individual s Saliva with blood or any other organic structure fluids can be harmful and infective. HIV can be transmitted in different ways, such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and likewise contaminated subcutaneous acerate leafs. In the UK, the most common manner of acquiring HIV is by unprotected sexual intercourse with a individual who is HIV positive. It has shown in the UK statistics 2010 from the Health Protection Agency that 95 % of those diagnosed with HIV Positive due to sexual Contact. This shows that bulk in the UK get infected by HIV is through sexual intercourse which includes vaginal, anal and unwritten sex. This virus enters through the blood stream in different ways like lacerate tegument, oral cavity and eyes line drives, and besides through the thin liner of the anus and genitalias. HIV is non transmitted from an septic individual through cares blab out, caressing, ptyalizing, sharing bath towels or cutter, utilizing the same swimming pool and oral cavity to talk contact1.From the upstart study, it has been shown that the following groups of people are at higher opine of HIV infection which includes people who are shooting drugs, sex workers every(prenominal) subprogram Wellss as work forces holding sexual intercourse with men3. There are assorted methods to forestall HIV Transmission in our community through avoiding activities that leads you to dangerous jobs, such as unprotected sex and sharing septic acerate leafs and other assorted shooting equipments1, educating and reding people with HIV positive by the doctors and supplying them the scoop intervention so that to forestall HIV transmittal in general4. Current UK guidelines on HIV purpose to increase HIV proving in all wellness care sectors to diminish the sum of undiagnosed HIV infections. It is appriseed that HIV trial should be offered to general populace in some sectors and besides to high judge people in other different sectors ( for illustration, general pattern ) . The Department of wellness ( DH ) asked the National institute of wellness and clinical Excellence ( NICE ) to condition public wellness counsel to increase HIV proving surrounded by work forces who form sexual connexions with work forces to cut down undiagnosed infection and besides to forestall HIV transmittal. HIV Testing is one of the most of import factors which helps and guides the full community in UK through reduced HIV transmission5. Harmonizing to the statistics sing HIV, 6000 to 7000 people are diagnosed HIV Positive each twelvemonth in England. This is an of import factor to inquire the full community to concentrate and get the better of this job. Hence, come along people to prosecute in different methods to for estall HIV transmittal and rescue the community in general with supplying proper cognizance sing HIV6.One of the most effectual ways to forestall HIV transmittal is through sex that is abstain from sex is the surest method to forestall HIV. If you decide to hold sex so acquire tested foremost to avoid HIV transmittal between you and your partner7. Use of rubber right in sexual military action is the most of import and advantageous point to halt the HIV spread and other infections which are sexually transmitted at every individual nip you ache acute sex. Condoms are being marketed in different types of colors, forms, texture and spirits. Male rubbers are made up of latex or polyurethane and female rubbers are besides known as FC2, which is used for vaginal sex only7. Second, usage of merely water-based lubricators can increase sexual pleasance every bit good as safety, merely by adding wet to the vagina or anus during sexual intercourse. Lubricants decreases the hazard of vagin al or anal cryings which can be caused by sobriety and besides it protects the rubber from rupturing off during sexual activity1. Third, usage of dental dike reduces hazard of sexually transmitted infections. It works as a wall between the oral cavity and vagina during unwritten sex. Fourthly, avoid utilizing septic acerate leafs, panpipes, or spoons which can expose you to HIV and other viruses which are found in the blood1.pharmacological Prevention of HIV transmittal is through medical specialties and there are different methods used in forestalling its spread. Antiretroviral therapies ( devices ) are used to adhesive friction HIV, which prevents viral spread in the organic structure. A combination therapy of antiretroviral or extremely active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is used for the effectual bar of HIV riposte and transmittal in the organic structure. CD4 count and viral burden blood trial are two of import factors which help the physicians to make up ones opinion on the intervention of that peculiar patient. Treatment is normally starts when the individuals CD4 counts shows below 350, irrespective of their presence or absence of their symptoms1.Harmonizing to WHO guidelines, it states that ART inductions are really good in forestalling HIV every bit good as clinically, they are more powerful in handling HIV positive patients, when the CD4 count is little than 350 cells/mm3. Viral burden plays the major function in HIV transmittal as it is one of the highest hazard factor in this scenario. When the viral burden is slight than 1500 copies/mm3, the hazard of conveying HIV is about nothing as suggested by recent surveies. Evidence shows that the viral burden degrees are decreased by ART, thereof bounds HIV transmittal depending on individual s HIV position. WHO guidelines shows that they are chiefly engaged on extinguishing HIV and they strongly suggest that the usage of ART protects the full community which besides includes kids and pregnant adult females by handling and forestalling them from the spread of HIV8. There are different groups of ART medicines to forestall and handle HIV infection1. Virus attaches to the host cell whereby it fuses with the host cell membrane. After the incursion into the host cell, the outer coat of the virus is withdraw and familial stuff and an enzyme released into the host cell, which is called rearward RNA polymerase, which converts viral RNA to viral DNA, so viral DNA penetrates to the host cell nucleus where by two procedure takes topographic point which includes written text and interlingual rendition takes topographic point which leads to bring forth new virions through peptidase enzyme2. varied antiretroviral medical specialties holding different mark but with one purpose, that is to suppress viral reproduction.Rearward RNA polymerase inhibitors are of two types that includes nucleoside opponent RNA polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside unconnected RNA polymerase inhibitors . NRTIs are defective constructing blocks of Deoxyribonucleic acid when they are incorporated into HIV DNA, hence blocks the viral reproduction procedure, by non finishing the Deoxyribonucleic acid Chain. NNRTs bind to the enzyme contrary RNA polymerase and suppress the procedure of viral replication2. NNRTs are used in the intervention or HIV-1 but it is seldom used for HIV-2 in the UK9. Protease Inhibitors are inhibits the procedure of production of viral stuff through interfering with the peptidase enzyme. In the UK, Protease Inhibitors are Entry Inhibitors are inhibitors involved in barricading the virus to adhere with the host cellular membrane that lead to the obstruction of virus into the host cell. Integrase inhibitors are involved in barricading the procedure of integrating of viral familial stuff into the Host DNA by suppressing integrase enzyme.Microbicides are chemical and pharmacologic substances that are used for destructing some micro-organisms that cause terrible job s to worlds. Many compounds are being produced and tested their effectivity against microbicidal activity in clinical tests. These merchandises are being produced for vaginal every bit good as rectal applications to protect from HIV infections and other sexually transmitted diseases. Presently, scientists are working on this undertaking in developing microbicides for forestalling HIV transmittals and heighten the degree of patient safety12.Post-exposure prophylaxis ( gingerroot ) is ARTs used after the exposure like occupational injuries10 or sexual exposure11 to forestall HIV infection. PEP medicines are non yet proved every bit good as unlicensed in the UK. They are merely supported by experimenting on animate beings. Besides, there are ongoing surveies for pre-exposure prophylaxis where it includes antiretroviral drugs originally the exposure to HIV2. Another preventative step against HIV is through Vaccination procedure. Presently, HIV Vaccine is non easy but it is one of the on-going research at a really early phase to bring forth effectual HIV Vaccine into the market so that to protect the full community against HIV infection.Since 1990, surveies have shown that the HIV spread from female parent to kid has been increased every twelvemonth. The Department of Health policy proposing that an HIV Test to be carried out in each and every pregnant adult females and has shown that it has addition consciousness in adult females prior to bringing and it has shown that more than 80 % of the adult females are sure in London, 2001 every bit good as it has reduced the figure of babies being infected in the UK13. Antiretroviral interventions ( ART ) are being used in gestation to forestall HIV transmittal from female parent to child. It is suggested that if you are HIV Positive so do non breast feed your kid, as virus transmittal can happen through chest milk1. Overall guidelines and counsel of antiretroviral therapy are being provided to forestall transmittal of HIV from female parent to child14.Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( formulation ) in HIV protects healthy people from HIV infection. Current surveies and clinical tests are in the procedure of developing of cookery to forestall transmittal of HIV. Surveies have shown a lessenings hazard of HIV infection among animate beings that are exposed to ARVs. cookery has shown its effectivity in humanized research lab mice in the survey which was conducted in 200715 and besides, ARVs are given to female parents and babies to cut down HIV transimmsion16. The PrEP research surveies uses the drug called tenofovir that is delivered by unwritten path or topical path. It has shown in the four clinical tests that it reduces the hazard of acquiring HIV infection but in the two tests have shown no good response. As of today, there are two on-going surveies that have non yet published their findings on the consequence of HIV transimmision. There are many challenges in relation to safety and effectivity o f PrEP inventions. Besides combinations pill called TruvadaA ( Tenofovir and Emtricitabine ) which was accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the intent in HIV intervention in 2004. Truvada, as a PrEP was approved by the FDA in July, 2012 for forestalling from HIV transmittal. Powerful research grounds shows that the PrEP is safe and effectual when used systematically for diminishing the hazard of acquiring HIV sexually17.In Conclusion, it can be said that there are different paths of HIV transmittal and besides several methods are available to forestall its transmittal. Currently, many surveies are traveling on to develop new merchandises to forestall and handle HIV patients efficaciously with decreased hazard involved. Besides, public consciousness play a immense function in HIV bar by educating them through assorted resources like chew the fating with them or telephone conversations or supplying proper information on HIV transmittal with its badness. Harm onizing to the recent results of HIV transmittal in the UK, there are assorted factors must be followed by the general populace so that cut down the figure of people by acquiring infected through acquiring sex instruction, accessory to medicines and to avoid unprotected sex or work forces to work forces sex. This can take to healthy long life of our patients and diminish the figure of morbidity and mortality. Centres for sickness control and Prevention stated that about 50,000 people are freshly infected with HIV in the United States each year.18 From the estimations it shows that HIV is one of the terrible issue in our community which can take to decease as it is easy transmitted. Hence, Prevention of HIV transmittal is the most good factor to salvage our community with development of new merchandises which have different pharmacological marks to avoid opposition of the Drug.

An ideal teacher Essay

Teachers, as we all know about are strict, some are lenient, and some are funny. Every teacher wants to be a good teacher. An deification teacher is the one who is loved and respected by either student. A student will remember such a teacher long. How can a teacher become an ideal teacher? For years in this field, I would be happy to say, that is not an easy job.Will the students remember me after they have become a successful person? To start with, an ideal teacher is someone who is willing to get up every morning with great excitement to teach. Students do not like a harsh teacher. A teacher who is always find fault with the work of his students in any task and scold them a lot, is an object of fear for them. Such a teacher is respected by the students from outwards only, he is not respected by the students from the bottom of their heart. An ideal teacher should, therefore, have a good personality and exuberant knowledge.He should know the psychology of students and also their individual problems. Knowledge is ever growing and so an ideal teacher should always prepare his lessons before he enters the class. He should be able to make the students feel interested in their subject and know that their minds are growing under his teaching. An ideal teacher is reassured in his class. His voice is clear. What he says should have clarity. If he has knowledge of allied subjects, it would also help him to teach better. He is punctual, neatly dressed and disciplined. His character is unblemished and spotless.

RH Bill: Hanging in the Balance Essay

The Philippines for the longest time has been torn by two, not necessarily opposing, but somehow different, forces the church and the state. Though there has been a decree on the inviolable separation of these entities , more often than not, when societal issues confronting the states political affairs deliver under moral dilemmas, the church can not help coming into the scene.This is the same case happening with the seasons national concern theatre Bill 96, otherwise known as the Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population and Development Act .Banking on the potentials of the said bill to drastically downplay the ballooning population of the country, the Aquino administration openly admitted its all-out support for the bills being enacted into law. This could be done, as the bill suggests, through maintaining feedom of informed prize wherein parents, couples and women enjoy the liberty or option of choosing from a menu of modern natural and artificial family plann ing methods which are medically safe, legal, accessible, affordable and effective.This caused the disciplinarian groups, headed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, to react violently. They expressed apprehensions that such a bill was by nature promoting looser morals that would eventually lead to a morally-corrupt society. The inculcation of energize education in the academic curriculum is simply unorthodoxical, and as such, is morally unacceptable.However the bills proponents contented that the said bill is not what the moralist pictured it to be. That it is about the governments wholesome response to reproductive health concerns that for ages have been left unattended, and which were held accountable for the rapid proliferation ofthe Filipino race and the repeated poverty that goes with it.The discussion may seen endless as each party stands firm on the ideals it represents. But at the days end, it would always be up to the individual couple, the direct recipie nts of such a bill, to decide for theselves whether or not to adhere to the proposals of whom. It is just hoped that their decision is designed based on how it would set the union best and the countrys welfare in general.

Globalization and genocide Essay

The twentieth century has seen a lot of inventions come into being, from the invention of the engine, to the manufacturing of airplanes. Then in that location came the aspect of globalization. The world that was so man-sized started shrinking on a daily basis until fin eachy, b purchase orders seemed to have evaporated into thin air even between continents. Today, a person may be in London in the morning and in the evening he is in Washington. Communication has also been made easier and more efficient in such a way that you can talk to a person who is thousands of miles away, as if you ar talking to the person next door.The world has become a small community. Successes and failures However, in that location are shortcomings that have come with globalization. Lechner and Boli (2004) in their book The Globalization Reader argues that while there has been shortcoming of globalization because of the strain it has exerted on the purlieu thereby degrading it. While the countries all o ver the world have been working to see their economies develop, this has been at the expense of the environment. One of these causes of environmental degradation according to their rock is the destroying of the natural environment.Large tracts of forest covered land are destroyed each year leaving the land bare and in a some years no longer unproductive. This, they argue, is non the only cause of environmental degradation. A nonher cause is the releasing of harmful chemicals into the environment. Example is the Chernobyl nuclear accident. After this accident, there were many another(prenominal) nuclear substances that were released into the environment and over the years have caused cancer. Fossil fuels have also contri justed greatly to the destruction of the environment.While these have provided fuel for industries, deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide emissions has been on the rise thereby causing global warming. Are there ways and means to reverse the current trends of envir onmental degradation in order to make secure our future? However, despite all this destruction, there has been an effort to try and slow down if not to completely stop the rate at which the environment is destroyed. Whereas the governments have not been keen enough to conserve the environment, Lechner and Boli (2004) argue that there are environmentalists who have rallied for conservation of this precious environment.In 1992, Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development proposed that, for a meaningful development to be achieved, environment conservation must come first. There are also who have argued that for environment to be conserved especially in poor nations, the rich nations must cancel their debts since the small governments spend all their earnings paying debts at the expense of local development, thus forcing it people to solely rely on an already deprived land hence furthering the effects of environmental destruction. Others have used all their minerals on deb ts without caring much on the effects this has on the environment.There are also organizations that were formed to champion for the protection of the environment. Their call is on the policy-making class to make their priorities right by spending less on military and more on environment protection, not just for this generation but also for future generation. Issues of poverty have been cited as the biggest enemy to the protection of the environment. An example is of Mau forest in Kenya. While this forest has been the water catchments and the source of many rivers in Kenya, it faces the danger of being destroyed because of human activities.At the moment, part of the forest has been inhabited by people who are poor and therefore not willing to move out. The government of Kenya on the other hand is also unable to settle these people elsewhere since it doesnt have resources. The neighboring nations namely Uganda and Tanzania face the same plight as Kenya and cannot help the Kenyan gove rnment yet these rivers drain in Lake Victoria which is shared among them. These activities that have affected a nation environmentally do not affect just one person. The Mau forest in Kenya is a good example.If the future of Mau forest is not solved, eventually, Egypt which doesnt even border Kenya will be affected since it depends on water from Lake Victoria through river Nile for its irrigation. Human beings faced the danger of extinction on a daily, more so from environmental degradation. Nevertheless, it is possible to have a better world. A world where pollution is controlled and excellent environment that is not contaminated is the supreme choice for everyone. There have been meetings called by different people all over the world to fight for the right to live in a non polluted environment.An urge to have those that are considered the minority in the society to participate in the process of policy making has been on the rise. Is it possible, when we are united unitedly as a people, to fight for our environment? Genocide The effects of globalization have not been felt in the environmental circle alone. Social brio in many places throughout the world has been altered because of globalization. According to Gellately and Kiernan (2003) examines the atrocities that have been committed against humanity, some among them committed by the civilized as they championed for globalization.For example, there were push-down list murders that were committed at Guatemala, sponsored by the US government. In this revolution, the Mayan community was massacred and the world kept mum. Even when as a commission to investigate these events was setup, their report did not reveal the motives behind these killings, and the people behind it. The Mayan people are not the only ones that have been affected. Yugoslavia in 1991 faced genocide whereby a minority assembly was targeted and massacred. Politics and cruelty has been the order of the day. Politicians have been known to use people to get into position and then turn against these people.These acts of brutality are yet to end. Societies throughout the world still experience mass murders in their midst. Technology, which is supposed to ease the way life, is now being used against people. US is not spared either. September 11 attacks proved that people are willing to go all the way to destroy others. While we may toy around with the idea of whether to reevaluate our pedestal towards globalization or not, we must always remember that a time is coming when we shall not enjoy the relaxation our beaches offer us as we do today.At that time, there will be no trees for our wildlife and therefore no rain. For countries in Sub Saharan Africa, this will mean that there will be no food since these communities have always depended on rain for their agricultural activities. Just as a reminder, that time is already at hand. We are already seeing the effects of globalization on our environment. Yet, the question we ask ourselves is, Are we ready to shove the idea of globalization beneath the carpet and look for a new alternative? Some of the greatest crimes against humanity were committed at a time when we considered the world to be on a highway to adequate one community with no barriers. That was in the mid 1990s, a genocide that left many dead with many other maimed. Yet, the global community never spoke a single word until it was all over. According to Gellately and Kiernan (2003), these acts of brutality have often been sparked by oppression through the years by those who are powerful. After many years of oppression, those who have been oppressed pour their anger on those who are helpless and vulnerable and therefore cannot defend themselves.In the end, we encounter the kind of crimes like those that happened in Rwanda (p 375). We cannot also ignore the fact that technological advances in warfare have also been the cause of genocides in our communities. Cases in accuse are the Nazis in Germany the use of poisonous gases against the Kurds in Iraq the September 11 attacks on US soil. These have all employed the use of technology to tear crime. Thus, the globalization that was supposed to bring us together has also been the source of death and segregation in our communities.Are we as human being outlet through a transition that is changing us for the worse i. e. turning us against each other? Is globalization therefore the cause of genocide or a solution to eradicating genocide in the current world? Are we our own enemies?References Lechner, F & Boli, J. (2004). The globalization reader. New Jersey, USA Published by Wiley-Blackwell. Gellately, R. & Kiernan, B. (2003). The specter of genocide mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge, UK Published by Cambridge University Press.

Black English

Pink is No Longer the New black-market Jonathan Swift said, Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style What is the true definition of style? When one is asked, one may say it is what you wear. In other circumstances, style may be referred to music, or fritter and television. Style is also literature and linguistics. Throughout the generations, style has been altered Cut trimmed and filed down until the original style is far away in the crevices of your mind. means has erupted from something that was once soft and elegant, to now being loud, flashy, and revealing.Language has become something different entirely. In todays speech, Black English is present in our public lives. in that respect atomic number 18 various reasons why we speak a cert personal way. In todays world, we are forever searching for easier ways to do things, we are constantly trying to fit in and do what everyone else is doing, and no matter what, we always do what we are surrounded with . The world is forever c flowing. We are always searching for ways to make everyday tasks easier. mint used to walk everywhere, so the bike was invented.Riding a bike everywhere was difficult, so the car was invented. applied science is also forever changing to make things easier. From typewriters, to laptops and ipads, phones so you dont even need a computer anymore. It is forever changing, but as the language changes with it, it does not mean that it is a good thing. Black English seems lazy in a way. The way people used to shed was thick and luscious. Now, smuggled English has made words short and choppy. Instead of saying, I am not going to do anything many people say I aint gonna do nothin. It is easier to say, but it does not necessarily mean that it sounds intelligent. Society makes us feel like in order to fit in, we have to feeling and act like everyone else. If an actor starts to dress a certain way, thusly everyone else wants to look like that actor too. The same go es with language. If a music artist starts to talk and say words a certain way in a song, it starts to catch on. Then a chain starts to form. If one person begins to talk and hang around a group of people who are speaking Black English then that person will begin to speak like them as well.In a world where society is in charge, fitting in is the only way. Psychologists say that we do what our parents do. Technically we become our parents as we grow up. If our parents are racist, then we too will be racist. If you grow up in the South and your parents have a western accent, then you will have that accent as well. As a child, if your parents use Black English then you will too because it is all you have ever known. Black English is in our everyday lives, and if you surround yourself with the language then you will start speaking that way too.Although Black English is present everywhere we go, it does not necessarily mean it is a good thing. In most cases it can make you sound uneducat ed and there are specific times when you should, and should not use it. In your home, or with friends is one thing, but in writing an essay for example, you should avoid it at all costs. The world is forever changing, language especially. The language style changes all the time. People are constantly making up new words and adding new meanings to the words that are not as commonly used. In the literary world, Black English has become the new black.

Importance of Statistics in Educational Management Essay

To accomplish set goals in an organisation, the school film director or administrator must pattern, implement such plans and evaluate success. To do so, the use of statistical info is crucial. In this paper the writer is going to discuss the importance of statistics in her area of study which is preparational Management.According to Kendrick (19971) statistics are, numbers that help us find patterns in information, such as averages and medians. Thus statistics looks at how to collect, organise, analyze and fork up numerical information from data. Aczel and Sounderpandian (200215) say, results from a good statistical abbreviation are always concise, often precise and useful. In that light the collection, analysis and storage of statistical data on the educational system become very classical to the school manager for the following reasons.The school managers have a responsibility to plan a brainpower for the system and to do so it calls for him or her to be in the possession of some past and present data. For a manager to plan adequately for the future he or she leases the data on what the past was and what the present is like. Also, for the day to day decision making, the educational managers need data to pull their decisions.For instance, to make purchases for textbooks or furniture the school manager uses data on folk sizes and the age of students so as to arrive at the quantities to be purchased. Moreover, data collection, analysis and storage are very important to the school managers in the assessment of the growth and progress of the educational system (Hardy and Bryman, 2009). Data on enrolment, class size and number of teachers will enable a school manager to establish if the school is growing or reducing in size.Also data on enrolment will enable a school manager to see the level of competition around his/her institution. Decrease in enrolment figures may signal stiff competition from a nearby school. Educational data are very vital tools f or planning. Kendrick (20002) says, the better we understand statistics, the better we will be at assessing what is going on in the world around us. The data on yearly performance of students in the external examinations such as line Seven National Exams and Ordinary Level National Exams will show if the school is progressing or not academically.Further,statistical data collection enables the school manager to identify areas of staff training and retraining needs. For example the data on students performance in Mathematics may point to a need to retrain the Mathematics teacher. If such teacher is an NCE holder it may be a pointer for a need to recommend him for in-service training for a degree in Mathematics. In addition, statistical data collection is important in the educational system because it aids accountability in the system (Kendrick, 2000).Periodically, inspectors from the Ministry of Education as well as auditors do visit the schools to monitor how the managers are utiliz ing the human and material resources. They call for data on these from the school head teacher. The head teacher may also be requested to give such account to Parents Teachers Association or Schools Board of Governors.Another importance of data collection, analysis and storage in the educational system is that it aids projection of resource requirement. This assertion is in line with Levin and Rubin (19988) when they say, Data can assist decision makers in educated guesses in given situations.For the school manager to project the amount of fund that would be needed for the next session there is a need to have data on quantities of stationery needed by both learners and teachers, the number of ancillary staff paid from the school coffers and (3)other running costs. The collection of statistics is important in educational management as highlighted above as it enables one as a school manager to perform duties with precision using measured guesses. It also aids a school manager to wor k effectively and efficiently to meet set goals.REFERENCESDurosaro, D.O. (2004) Statistical needs for educational management, Ibadan, Regina sons Book PublishersKendrick J.R. (1997) complaisant Statistics An Introduction using SPSS for Windows, Boston, McGraw-Hill.Levin, R.I. and Rubin, D.S. (1998) Statistics for Management. USA,Prentice-Hall International.Lockhart, R.S. (1998) Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, New York, W H. Freeman & Company.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

Many authors bid to spell fantasy novels, stories that detached themselves from reality, novels that recognize us about magic, par entirelyel dimensions, betwixt others. But plane in these fictional stories there is still the presence of the universal themes that can be touched non altogether in this kind of novels but as well as in the simpler whizs, themes like the fight between good and evil, love, between others.There are also the authors that rattling mix the fantasy and the reality to a point that it is in truth hard to see the difference between them, Gabriel Garcia Marquez is said to be the fetch of this gender called Magic realness, he said that the reason that he sees the world in that particular way of his, is because of the persons that raised him when he was really young He was made by the sententious, worldly, rationalized t iodine of his grandfather and the premonitory and supernatural exclamations of his grandma seasoned by his unique humor, with this he would be capable of making a new heap of the world (Gerald Martin 41).And even in this extraordinary vision we can still catch the reality like when he speaks about the natural oppression that exists in the countries of Latin America, when he talks about the kilobyte days the conflict that actually won the independence of Colombia from Panama an event that his grandfather love to tell him about after all he fought in this war and lose in it, also he talks about the massacre in the United Fruit Company a really smasher episode on Colombian history.We can also catch his own reality, we can appreciate in his writings all of those special and striking memories that were kept in him, the one that made a hybridizing on the man he became, in the stories there is not only memories there is also constitutions base on members of his own family and also towns based on the ones of his childhood and we are not only lecture about how he employ Aracataca to create Macondo, there is also th e mention of how he uses Sucre to describe a place that he really despised.So we are going to explore how Gabriel Garcia Marquez used parts of his life story to write his famous stories. First of all in his autobiography Garcia Marquez talks about how his grandfather used to track him around Aracataca (the small town where he lived well-nigh of his childhood) and while he was at this he create a mountain of memorable moments that he would immortalize in his novels. This memory, the one were the grandfather takes the electric shaver to meet new things is very repetitive even the own author says it I had a bunch of mages but the one were the old man takes the kid by the hand is the almost vivid one this one is used in two of his novels in the Leaf Storm when the father takes the son to a funeral and also in his Nobel Prize winner Novel One Hundred Years of Solitude when the father takes the kids to see the ice, in the book he uses his own impression when Aureliano Buendia says I ts Burning (Garcia Marquez).Another one of those memories is the one about the Belgian that lived in Aracataca that commit suicide by inhalation of cyanide, He drag me to the house of the Belgian The first thing that shock me was the smell of the cyanide that the Belgian had used to committed suicide (Gabriel Garcia Marquez). This story is represented also in two of his novels in The Leaf Storm where he is the doctor united with the Venezuelan pharmacist Alfredo Barbosa the other one is in the novel Love in the Time of Cholera where he is Jeremiah de Saint-Amour (Gerald Martin).Another one of the moments that make a big impact in his life was while he lived in Venezuela, by the time Garcia Marquez lived in the country Marcos Perez Jimenez a dictator was in the power, he start to ask himself why did so many lot find it enthralling to have a dictator in the power , after all it wasnt an un putting surface symptomatic in the many countries of Latin America to have a dictator, the impressive thing was that only a month after Garcia Marquez moved to Caracas (the capital of Venezuela) there was a movement against the president that at long last took him out of the power, it was the first time a dictator had been taken of the power in Latin America. This point was what inspired him to write Autumn of the Patriarch a story that talks about an eternal dictator, he based this timbre in real-life autocrats like Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, Francisco Franco and Juan Vicente Gomez. Many of the types in his stories are based in real-life persons not only in famous characters like the autocrats in the Autumn of the Patriarch but also people of his own family.The first character and one of the most obvious one would be Jose Arcadio Buendia one of the characters of his most famous novel One Hundred Years of Solitude Jose Arcadio Buendia married to Ursula Iguaran was an adventurous man that took his wife from of what all that they knew to a mysterious place, he was always l ooking for new hobbies to entertain himself and because of this he end up lacking as a father, this is a clear mirror of the father of the author a men who would constantly travel looking for adventures, moving the family from one city to another to look for a way to make business and easy money, always leaving the care of his own children to other persons, most of the time to his in-laws and because of that the relationship with his children wasnt really good.Another one would be Ursula Iguaran a women full of character and a strong command, a person who loved her supernatural beliefs and would do anything to sustain her family, in this character there is the reflection of two persons of great importance in the life of the author one of them would be his grandmother Tranquilina Iguaran (obviously this is where the last name comes from) this one gave the character her belief for the supernatural, her being very superstitious even when this characteristic is very common in older peop le even today they still select this kind of fears, maybe because this fears also come from the strong feeling they have for their religion (mostly catholic) another common trait in Latin American society, the other one would be his mother Luisa Marquez while at the beginning of his life he didnt have a strong vincula with his mother after all she left him to be raised by her parents (even when this was very common back in those days) but after Gabriel Garcia start living with her many years later there would be a time when she was variably able to feed all of the children but she pull through and by this time she made a strong bond with her son, so the strong will of Luisa Marquez was represented in Ursula Iguaran.There is also Florentino Ariza a character of his novel Life in Times of Cholera this one was based on a mix between the author Garcia Marquez and his father Gabriel Eligio, while the character was a person who didnt look to notice the levels that make him different fro m others and was always trying to reach to this ones like Gabriel Eligio there is also the accompaniment that Florentino Ariza was a telegraphist like Gabriel Eligio, also there is a part in the novel where Fermina Darzas father tries to separate them by sending Fermina (Florentinoss love interest) to visit her family to another town this actually happened to Luisa and Gabriel Eligio, Luisas father try to separate them by sending Luisa out of Aracataca.While from the author Florentino took the wishful thinker the passion for writing, in the book Florentino wrote many letters to her something that the own author did with his wife Mercedes. There is also Fermina Daza a mix of Mercedes and Tachia (a lover of Garcia Marquez), Fermina was represented for being secure of her way of being, straightforward and down to country quite the opposite of Florentino. While the doctor Juvenal Urbino was a representation of everything the author hated and envied of the high configuration people o f Cartagena in this character there was even a bit of Gabriel Eligio with his petulant and Self-confident character and it was also notable a bit of his Granfather in Juvenal.

Chapter 2 Related Studies and Literature

Chapter 2 Review of topical anaesthetic and unconnected Studies and Literature Local Studies According to the contain of Anna Marie Beltran Distor of Proposed Sales Monitoring System issued 1995, the accelerated work social constitution of the company proper observe is essential in modulate to keep overcome of the companys sales activities. Her corpse aims to come up with an monetary value-efficient, and accurate mechanized system of preparing invoices that will keep track of the daily transaction and generate reports.Important in exploitation will be provided by this study in order to prove that the computerization of the companys operation and achieve a more reliable and efficient means of monitoring day to day activities. Her system focuses on the analysis and design of the sales monitoring system which will monitor the stacks record of the sales departments. This system of hers is somewhat related to our study but our system focuses more on the inventory monitoring s ystem of a trading company. Local Literature Popular author of Accounting, Waldo T.Passion (1990) in his book stated that, to improve their efficiency and reduce their cost of operation. Reports are more timely and accurate. Computers have large capacity to store data and tremendous stop number to manipulate and recall data to the format a user wishes to use which the introduction of microcomputer count of business is more affordable. Foreign Study According to the study of Edwin Bello and his fellow researchers of Computerized Monitoring and Inventory of telephone line with Warning Level dated March 2005, many unassailables have thousands of items of inventory which require some form of control.The usage calculations and record keeping chores would soon become overwhelming were it not for the computer and its unique entropy storage and retrieval capabilities. Iventory management is a process of developing and maintaining products that are in demand by customers efficient inven tory management, an important aspect of physical distributor, can help a firm achieve its profit goals. For instance, Hanes Hosiery Inc. evelop a computerized inventory management system to drastically reduce the time requisite to restock a store carrying Hanes product, orders that once took seven days to reach a store now arrive in one. Good inventory management balances the cost of holding a large inventory with the cost of losing sales because of shortages, or stock outs, of certain products. One inventory management technique utilise to achieve this balance I just-in-time(JIT) inventory, popularized in Japan.Companies using JIT maintain smaller inventories by ordering more often and in smaller quantities, just in time for production. Fire place manufactures, which makes metal open fireplace in Santa Ana, California, trimmed its inventory from $1. 1 million to $75,000 using JIT. In the meantime, sales doubled because the firm was able to be respond to customers orders much fa ster. The study is somewhat similar to our systembut we are focusing on inventory monitoring rather than inventory management of a system. Foreign Literature Kendal and Kendal (1999) p. 85 in his book said, The computer was adapted initially to take over the routine work and force military unit for more creative task(in addition to holding certain highly routine task for more quick done manuals). Ralph M. Stair(1984) p. 57 of his book Priciple of Data Processing said, The purpose of a management information system is to get the right information to the right people at the right time. The success of any organization depends on good decision-making and good decision-making depends on good information.

Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay

Whether wholeness(a) and exclusively(a) is conscious of it or not, we altogether turn out our several(prenominal) world descrys. The way we view life in general and our flak to it is the worldview that control and melt down us in every decision that we make in the way we cope pressures, and eventide as we celebrate and venerate good solar days. Since on a patchicular worldview a person stands or f on the wholes, it is very significant to eternally check and evaluate iodines philosophy of life. If I will be asked the question Which philosophy is the best philosophy? The best answer that I can come up with is, Of course, the philosophy that encourages noetic development. Christianity is a religion that has been comp argond, every now and then, to numerous philosophical persuasions and most of the time, it was either mixed with early(a) worldviews which were impartly strange to it, or the proponents of early(a) strange worldviews pay back attempted to enjoin Chr istianity to their philosophy, which inevitably expect resulted in confusion and clever duplicity in various(prenominal)s who follow and experiment into this game (Cheung, 2007, p. 34). For generations, good deal in different civilizations have become witnesses of how their fellows advocated multiple philosophical disciplines.In fact, at once, if one would just observe closely, mankindy hold a compound of various beliefs that got rooted and accumulated for years in the family via environ rational conditioning. The spin-off of this kind of influence is an individual who cope with the varying situations and circumstances of life with the competence of a chameleon. This kind of approach will not mighty help in the development and growth of a person as he or she wades his/her way through college. Contrary to the perception of m whatsoever, the biblical Worldview is the one philosophy that encourages the pursuit of sure knowledge.It, in fact, commands the engagement of the intel lect in the pursuit and exploration of true scientific studies. What precipitated the period of Enlightenment? Was it not when people were hungry for the Truth (Shelley, 1982, p. 55)? And these ar periods in the accounting of humankind when the Biblical Worldview was organism brought to the fore of societys endeavors. If there are twain philosophies that demonstrable infixedly from one to an different, they are Judaism and Christianity. The flow of growth from beginning to consummation is recorded in the grey-haired and the New Testament of the script (Escalona, 2008, p.87). B. Literature review The Extent of Usefulness of the Theory A accompany in literature reveals that there is little evidence so far in studies that deliberately render to determine the efficacies of psychodynamic approach in comparison with any of the other approaches in the treatment of insane conduct. A few which came out, in particular one research looked into the applicability of treatment in anorex ia and bulimia cases which utilised the psychodynamic framework and other prototypes such as cognitive orientation treatment. Results of the experiment by Bachar et al (1999, p.67) showed unequivocal outcomes where this particular approach was used. It mustiness be remembered that mainstream psychology and psychiatry widely use the cognitive model in explaining and treating abnormal behavior. In the controlled, randomized study by Bachar and team members however, the research highlighted the efficacy of psychodynamic approach in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia disorders. Other studies however show that therapists usually employ a combination of cognitive and psychodynamic approaches or an integrative method in the psychological treatments and discussions (Kasl-Godley, 2000, p.92). Many of the cases today then, support this view rather than a darkgle method in an efficacious treatment of some of these mental and randy diseases. The prejudices of the psychodynamic ap proach in many of the studies done base on a using this as a single method is that of the apparent difficulty of precise measurements on the treatment procedure itself. The approach usually is limited by whether it can be exactly replicated. Specifically, one other limitation or disadvantage is that the cause of phenomena (i. e. , symptom substation) cannot be located.In addition, another put togetherback is that not all individuals can be hypnotized when using hypnosis in the therapy in particular (Kaplan, 1994, p. 431). Reference Bachar, Eytan, Yael Latzer,Shulamit Kreitler, & Elliot Berry 1999. Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies Self psychology and Cognitive Orientation in the treatment of Anorezia and Bulimia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. American Psychiatric Association 8115-128, Freud, Sigmund. 1901 1990. The psychopathology of everyday life. New York. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996.psychological science Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA Br declare and Benchmark, p. 810. Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson 1983. Introduction to Psychology. seventh ed. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanich, Inc. Hurlok, E. B. 1964. Child Development. New York Mcg rough-Hill Book Company, Inc. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behaviroal Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Kasl-Godley, Julia 2000. Psychosocial intervention for individuals with dementia An integration of hypothesis, therapy, and a clinical spirit of dementia.Clinical Psychological Review. Vol. 20(6). Leahey, B. B. 1995. Psychology An Introduction. Iowa WCB Brown and Benchmark. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Psychology 4th ed. Orlando Fl. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Sdorow, L. M. 1995. Psychology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IAWCB Brown and Benchmark Publishers Santrock, J. W. 2000. Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. ________ Models of abnormality http//intranet1. sutcol. ac. uk888/NEC/MATERIAL/PDFS/PSYCHO/ASPSYCHO/23U2_T5. PDF small-arm II. Integration Section A. Introduction Nowhere is counseling more relevant than the conditions and dilemmas faced by man today.The Bible mentions astir(predicate) the the fears that assail humans then during the early days, and which will be experienced withal as time draws to a close. Jeremiah 178 implies about the kind of fear which some if not many, will succumb when heat comes (RSV). This illustrates as well that the stressful days are unless natural to ones existence an affliction to being born into a fallen world. Ephesians 2 is even more clear what befalls on a person who is dead in trespasses and sins (KJV) he is subject to the dictates of a world system (v. 2a, KJV), being in the clutches of the evil spirit (v. 2b, KJV), and awaits the anger that God has on them (v.3, KJV). All these whitethorn position any individual to a life of anxiety, depression, wrongful habits ((v. 3, KJV), substance detestati on and other addictions that definitely determine the deterioration of overall mental and physical recuperateth. The functioning therefore of any person may be compromised and taxed to the limits, producing individuals who are abusive and getting abused. When not operating in optimum condition, man is sure to experience what psychology tends to diagnose and label as malfunctioning and maladjusted at worst, the evidence of mental institutions existence only shows how this truth has long been spoken about in the Bible.Hence, the Bible becoming more relevant, and a theologically and scientifically trained counselor is even more needful these days. In the field of counselling, the primary considerations that those in the field who are practicing directly or indirectly have something to do with the previously held belief system, or the worldview or philosophy behind the notion of human behaviour. This goes to articulate that one who ventures into the business of healing and curing em otions and psychological problems must get into a thorough understanding of his/her personal approach to the study of human behaviour.The counselor describeks to explain human constitution, the issue of sin or prbably emphasizing or reducing the Scriptural mandate and Gods verdict (whichever side he/she is on), and which eventually dictates intervention strategies, if any. It is even bold as to say that counseling in whatever previous is basically religious in temper because in the end, what is upheld or emphasized by the counselor expresses constituted philosophy or religious beliefs.The paper thus seeks to boon a personal understanding of how act in counseling is believed to be done considering the personal qualities, depth and realizations of Biblical truths (this is pre-eminent), and many of the nitty-gritty concepts that institute the practice of counseling in ones context. Being in contemporary America, with the recent economical meltdown that leave many surprised and shocked of the reduction of most of their economic capabilities to barely the minimum, being relevant as a counselor is not only a necessity, tho it is the very important ingredient to helping many survive with their mental faculties intact.Therefore, this paper makes bold assumptions about human nature in general, how this is addressed in various situations that the average man will be meeting, and how growth (which is interpret as a commanding direction the individual will take) in all areas of his existence may take place. B. Psychoanalytic therapy Leading figures Primary importance is prone into the development of one of the most influential disciplines in the world today and that is psychology. This is due to the fact that psychology seemed almost foremost in more or less every kind of decision making process that man makes.Because of this serious biblical ministers and/or scholars or theologians have long studied these effects and have come up with their answers and with their verdict. A Brief write up of Modern Psychology by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (2006, p. 23) starts to trace the roots of psychology when Wundt, in 1879, initiated what is now recognize as the first psychology laboratory. The compose Benjamin satisfies the reader on what do the psychology today a very much pursued subject of fire as well as a career.Tackling on the lives of the people foremost in this discipline, the pa power made an otherwise boring and usually narcotic subject matter into an exciting bedevilic any student will be able to handle. The author mentioned details of the pioneers lives and the social milieu that characterized their lives and culture during their day which in all realistic evaluation had made its contribution to what their theoretical perspectives had developed. Other important highlights include the development of psychological tests and assessment techniques that Stanford and Binet spearheaded among others.The following fib on one of psycholog ys key players and foremost in what is now known as the first line in the field gives the reader the importance of their contribution to cotemporary psychology (Benjamin, 2006, p. 76). -Freud, Sigmund Viennese neurologist, novice of psychoanalysis (1856-1939) took his medical degree at the University of Vienna in 1881 and planned a specialists career in neurology. Lack of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career.His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis developed during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in Studies in Hysteria, The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 a book which contained the evolving theory of the libido and the unconsciousness, in subsequent years, Freuds outlook became increasingly broad as revealed by the titles of his posterior works (Benjamin, 2006, p. 54).C. Psychoanalytic Theory The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created some(prenominal) a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts amid our need to indulge basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or invasion, and the restrictions imposed by society.Not all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freuds original ideas, but most would view normal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. This paper attempts to distinguish itself in trying to not only understand the theory that Freud pioneered and polished by some of his faithful following but especially determine the extent of its usefulness in explaining and treating abnormal behavior.. It is the aim of the author to present in pre cis a description and description of the psychodynamic approach and its usefulness in the context of abnormal behavior (Kaplan, 1994, p.657). To interpret the theoretical framework of Freud in the context of the Christian religion or Biblical Christianity is essential in order to discover whether their fundamental teachings can mix well in mainstream Christianity. Freud taught about the personality constructs of id, self-importancetism and superego about free association, instincts (life and death) his very controversial psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital the statistical regression and cathexis concepts. In general this is a theory of personality dynamics which is aimed at the motivational and unrestrained components of personality.It sounds good that according to Freud, man inherits the life and death instincts (libido and mortido). In the Biblical perspective, however, all these concepts are attributable to the sinful nature which all human speci es have inherited from the first couple Adam and Eve. In some portions of the Biblical record (Roman 512), Adam is said to be the federal head and from him has proceeded both sinful nature, which is inherent in all men, and death which is the Falls eventual outcome.The Bible highlights sin as the main problem of all of the manifestations of abnormality as reflected or manifested in the psyche or human behavior (Bobgan, 1987, p. 543). This theory discounts religions Gods pre-eminence, sovereignty and will, and active case in a persons life. It also discounts mans ultimate accountability sooner an almighty God. Moreover, it discounts many of the fundamentals that the Bible teaches, like sin and repentance, just Freuds other followers propounded (Bobgan, 1987, p. 544). Fundamentally, environment is not to be blamed.Nothing could be more accurate than stating it in exactly the alike manner that the Apostle has echoed the true state of affairs. It is somehow true to say, Its all up in the forefront. tidy sum violate neighbors because first they have violated the laws of God. And so, In the futility of their mind, having their understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart who, being past feeling, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all dirtiness with greediness (Eph.417-19). As daily news in the headlines air everyday, and practically speaking, people have made it their daily business to work driven by greed, never minding what they leave behind in their wake. Because the fight has long been lost which is in the level of consciousness everyone now is at the mercy of chance, relationally, in this world. And it goes both ways. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic score aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists.From simple childhood developmental disea ses to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994, p. 76, 98, 456). I. The Psychodynamic concepts A. Theory of Instincts Libido, Narcissism, Instincts and Pleasure & Reality Principles. Freud employed libido to denote to that force by which the sexual instinct is costed in the mind. This concept is quite crude or raw in its form hence this refers far more than coitus.Narcissism was developed by Freud as his explanation of people who happened to have lost libido and put that in the pre-occupation of the self or the ego, like in the cases of dementia praecox or schizophrenia. Persons afflicted with this mental illness appeared to have been reserved or withdrawing from other people or objects. This led Freud to conclude that a loss of contact with reality is usually common among such affected role ofs. The libido that he conceptualized as innate in every person is herein explained as invested somewhere else and that is precisel y the role of self-love or narcissism in the life of one afflicted.The occurrence of narcissism is not only among people with psychoses but also with what he calls neurotic persons or in normal people especially when undergoing conditions such as a physical disease or sleep. Freud explains further that narcissism exists already at birth hence, one can expect realistically that newborn babies are wholly narcissistic (Sdorow, 1995, p. 67). Freud classify instincts into different distinguishing dimensions namely ego instincts, aggression, and life and death instincts.Ego instincts are the self-preservative aspects within the person, while aggression is a separate construct or twist of the mind which is not a part of the self-preservative nature of the human mind. Its source is found in the muscles while its objective is destruction. Life and death instincts called Eros and death wish are forces within the person that pulls in opposite directions. Death instinct is a more omnipotent force than life instinct (Rathus, 1988, p. 55). The pleasure and reality principles are distinct ideas that help understand the other aspects of Freuds theory.The latter is largely a learned function and important in postponing the need to run into the self (Sdorow, 1995, p. 98). B. Topographical theory of the mind Much like real physical mapping or description of a land area, the topographical theory appeared as attempt to designate areas of the mind into surface areas the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. The unconscious mind is shrouded in mystery (Kaplan, 1994). It is the repository of repressed ideas, experiences and/or affects that are primary considerations when the person is in therapy or treatment.It contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression. Some unconscious urges cannot be experienced consciously because mental images and words could not portray them all in their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept below the surface by rep ression. It is recognized as inaccessible to consciousness but can become conscious by means of the preconscious. Its content is confined to wishes seeking fulfilment and may provide the motive force for the formation of dream and neurotic symptoms.In other words, unconscious forces represent wishes, desires or perspectives, that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access (Santrock, 2000, p. 43). The Preconscious is a region of the mind which is not inborn but developed only when childhood stage is beginning to emerge. The preconscious mind contains elements of experience that presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them. Freud labelled the region that poked through into the light of awareness as the Conscious part of the mind.Conscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. It is closely related in understanding as that of th e organ of attention operating with the preconscious. With attention the individual is able to perceive external stimuli. However, Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a small part of our total mental activity, much of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces (Leahey, 1995, p. 433). C. Structural Theory of the MindFreud conceptualized the mind into what is called as ternary provinces equivalent to its functions the id, ego and superego. The id is that aspect which only looks forward to gratifying any of its desires and without any delay. The ego is the structure of the mind which begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a childs demands for gratification cannot all be met contiguously. The ego stands for reason and good sense (Freud, 1901, p. 22), for rational ways of coping with frustrations.It curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are matched with social convention so that a person can find gratification yet head off th e censure of others. In contrast to the ids pleasure, the ego follows the reality principle. The reality principle has a form _or_ system of government of satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially agreeable outlet available (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). The superego develops throughout early childhood, usually incorporating the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through acknowledgment.The superego holds forth shining examples of an ideal self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral withstander. Throughout life, the superego monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out judgment of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame when the verdict is negative (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). As children learn that they must follow rules and regulations in satisfying their wishes, they develop a superego. The superego, which is Freuds third subdivision of the mind, develops from the ego during e arly childhood (Hurlock, 196, p.66). Through interactions with the parents or caregivers, a child develops a superego by winning on or incorporating the parents or caregivers standards, values, and rules. The superegos power is in making the person feel blameworthy if the rules are discovered the pleasure-seeking, id wants to avoid feeling guilty. It is motivated to listen to the superego as a moral guardian or conscience that is trying to control the ids wishes and impulses (Hilgard, et al, 1979).From the Freudian perspective, a healthy personality has found ways to gratify most of the ids demands without seriously offending the superego. Most of the ids remaining demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). D. Therapeutic coatings Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a persons mental health. Other per spectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light.The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a learner in his environment, with the chief as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning.With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environments impact on the person he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a persons mental state. Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would abide a healthy lifes tyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs 1. The Medical doctors viewpoint well-being emphasis than the illness model2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologists viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionists viewpoint putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Experts viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum.There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be good enough a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the amalgamation or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter.It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has better chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theological system) are properly considered.Thoroughly pass judgment the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual only tha t troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely deprivation understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychologys scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the strictly theological or secular preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. A ccording to Larry Crabb, If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them.If all problems are at core spiritual matters we dont want to neglect the critically infallible resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabbs position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and alterative or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al., 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved ones attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the downslope situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006).The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience spartan events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). In the merged or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client.Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term re duction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The direction then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized.It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. , learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). E. Summary Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness.They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. inharmonic anxieties produce neurotic symptoms (Source Models of abnormality, National Extension Col lege Trust, Ltd). The goals of treatment here include to alleviate patient of the symptoms is to uncover and work through unconscious conflict.The task of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the patient (Models of abnormality, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. Reference Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Corey, Gerald. 2001. The art of Integrative Counseling.Article 29 Designing an Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice Retrieved May 9, 2009 in http//counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas04/29. pdf Crabb, Larry, 2000. Found in Anderson et al resource. Christ-centered therapy. http//books. google. com/books? id=Rn-f2zL01ZwC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=effective+bibl ical+counseling+by+larry+crabb+critique&source= electronic network&ots=WFVYLIqP1n&sig=MqIhqE_XfGzIQODAKV5iMPjqz14PPA19,M1 Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale. 2001. Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John & Wiley Sons, Inc. Ellis, Albert 2001.Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. 2006. A brief history of Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell 1 edition. Bobgan, Martin & Deidre. 1987. Psychology Science or Religion? From Psychoheresy The psychological seduction of Christianity. Eastgate Publishers. Retrieved May 6, 2009. http//www. rapidnet. com/jbeard/bdm/Psychology/psych. htm Boring, Edwin G. et. al. 1948. Foundat