Satellite Communication For Computer Networks

Satellite communion For Computer NetworksA communicating broadcast is an artificial satellite stati championd in space for the purpose of telecoms. new-fangled communication satellites use a variety of orbits including geo setary orbits, Molina orbits, other elliptical orbits and low earth orbits. For placed serve ups, communication satellites provide a atomize radio relay technology complimentary to that of submarine communication cables. They atomic number 18 also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies such as cable is impractical or impossible.HISTORY OF parley SATELLTESThe front artificial satellite was the soviet sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957, and equipped with an onboard radio transmitter that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. The inaugural American satellite to relay communication was project score in 1958, which used a taping recorder to store and forward voice messages. After that NASA launched an Echo satellite in 1960. satellite COMMUNICATION FOR COMPUTER NETWORKS.A multi- invitee, satellite communication dodge employing a modified broadcast corpse is divulge for used with distributed computer networks. The system involves a plurality of network nodes (computer systems) each capable of transmitting to every other node at a single unique frequency, but capable of receiving from all other nodes simultaneously. Each node in the n-node network comprises a single transmitter with up to n-1 receivers, with each node capable of arbitrating a plurality of requests for transmission access. The invention encompasses a method for communicating digital culture in a network of geographical distributed computers.GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITESIn 1945, Arthur C. Clarke describes a recognise communication system that used manned geostationary satellites, including the orbits, solar panels , radio frequencies and launch procedures. But it was failed, because these satellites were impractical due to the impossibility of putting power-hungry, fragile, vacuum tube amplifiers into orbit. The first communication satellite, Tel angiotensin-converting enzyme was launched in July 1962. Then communication Satellites have drop dead a multibillion dollar business and the only aspect of outer space that has become highly portable. These high-flying satellites are called GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites.Geostationary orbitGeostationary satellites space more than closer than 2 degrees in the 360-degree equatorial plane, to avoid interference. With a space of 2 degrees, there can only be 360/2 = nonpareil hundred eighty of these satellites in the sky at ones. However, each transponder can use multiple frequencies and polarization to increase the gettable bandwidth. Modern satellite was weighing up 4000kg and consuming several kilowatts of electric power produced by the solar panels. The effect of solar and planetary gravity tends to move them away from their assigned orbit slots and orientations, an effect countered by on-board rocket motors. This tuning activity is called Station Keeping. ITU has allocated certain frequency bands to satellite users. The main bands are listed as C band was the first to be programated for commercial satellite traffic and the upper case one for uplink traffic. To allow traffic to go both ways at the same time, two channels is required, one going each way. These bands are overcrowded because they are also used by the common carriers for terrestrial microwave links. The L and S bands were added by international agreement in 2000.Rain, equipment costThe next highest band usable to commercial telecommunication carriers is the Ku band. Bandwidth allocated in the Ka band for commercial traffic, but the equipment needed to use it is still expensive. A modern satellite has around 40 transponders, each with an 80-MHZ band width. The first geostationary satellites had a single beam that illuminated about 1/3 of the earths surface called footprint. A new development in the communication satellite world is the development of low-cost micro stations it is called Very Small Aperture Terminals (VASATs). In VSATs systems, the micro stations dont have enough power to communicate directly with one another. VSATs have nifty potential in rural areas.MEDIUM-EARTH chain SATELLITESMEO (Medium-Earth Orbit) satellites tracked as move through the sky. These are humble than GEOs they have smaller footprint on the back anchor knowledge and require less powerful transmitters to reach them.LOW-EARTH ORBITLEO (LOW EARTH ORBIT) satellite due to their rapid motion, heavy(a) numbers of them is needed for a complete system. In this section we will examine, two aimed at voice communication and one aimed at profits service.IridiumAn iridium satellite was launched in 1997. Communication service began in November 1998. Iri diums business was providing worldwide telecommunication service using hand-held devices that communicate directly within the iridium satellites. It provides voice, data, paging, and fax and navigation service everywhere on land, sea, and air. These satellites are positioned at an altitude of 750km, in circular polar orbits. Each satellite has a maximum of 48 cells, with a total of 1628 cells over the surface of the earth. Each satellite has a capacity of 3840 channels, or 253440 in all.Global starAn iridium alternative design is global star. It ground on 48 LEO satellites. But it uses a different switching scheme than that of iridium. Global star uses a traditional bent-pipe design. The call originating at the North Pole is sent back to earth and picked up by the large ground station at Santas Workshop. The call is routed via a terrestrial network to the ground station nearest the cal lee and delivered by a bent-pipe connection. The advantage of global star scheme is that it puts much of the complexity on the ground, where it is easier to manage.TeledesicTeledesic is targeted at bandwidth-hungry internet users all over the world. It was conceived in 1990 by mobile holler pioneer Craig McCaw and Bill Gates. The goal of this system is to provide millions of concurrent Internet users with an uplink of as much as 100Mbps and a downlink of up to 720 Mbps using a small, fixed, VSAT-type antenna, completely bypassing the telephone system. The original design was for a system consists of 288 small-footprint satellites arranged in 12 planes below the pull down Van Allen belt at an altitude of 1350km. The design was later changed to 30 satellites with larger footprints. Transmission occurs in the uncrowned and high-bandwidth Ka band. When a user needs bandwidth to impel packets is request and assigned dynamically in about 50 msec.LEO EARTH ORBITHOW SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORKS?The concept of satellite based network is to transmit and receive signal from ground sta tions. The purpose of satellite communication is to use it for video transmission and sharing. In simple words a satellite is a device which revolves around the earth either for collecting useful information or for helping transfer of information.HOW DO SATELLITES COMMUNICATE?Satellites communicate through a complex system of telemetry that connects and transmits signals betwixt satellites and earth-bound stations. This system begins with telemetry, tracking and command (TTC) subsystem which tracks and directs signals. TTC produces signal that are directly commensurable to the quantity that is being measured, encode and transmitting these signal to distant stations on earth.APPLICATIONS OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITESThe applications of communication satellites are,TelephoneSatellite idiot boxFixed Service SatelliteDirect publicise satellitesMobile satellite technologiesSatellite radio amateur radioSatellite internetMilitary usesNavigationTELEPHONEThe first application for communica tion satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The public switched telephone network relays telephone calls from landline telephones to an earth station where they are transmitted to geostationary satellite.SATELLITE TELEVISIONThe satellite television is relatively few signals of large band width to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. devil satellite types are used for North American Television and radio that are Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).FIXED SERVICE SATELLITEIt uses the c band and the lower portion of the Ku bands. It is normally used for broadcast feed to and from television networks and local affiliate stations as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television, video conferencing and commonplace tele- communications. It is also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television head ends. at once BROADCAST SATE LLITEIt is a communication satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes. It is usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in a diameter.MOBILE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIESIt was using antenas.